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Section 4.2 Proof of Theorem 4.3

Let’s briefly recall notations from Chapter 3:
\begin{align*} \amp K_m=\Q(\mu_{p^{m+1}})\\ \amp \Delta=\Gal(K_0/\Q)\cong(\Z/p\Z)^\times\\ \amp \Gamma_n=\Gal(K_m/K_0)\cong\Z/p^m\Z\\ \amp \Gal(K_m/\Q)\cong\Delta\times\Gamma_m. \end{align*}
Let \(\chi\) be a character of \(\Gal(K_m/\Q)\text{.}\) Then \(\chi\) can be uniquely written (recall the decomposition (3.12)) as \(\theta\psi\) where \(\theta\in\widehat\Delta\) and \(\psi\in\widehat{\Gamma_m}\text{.}\) The values of \(\theta\) are \((p-1)\)-th roots of unity and the values of \(\psi\) are roots of unity of \(p\)–power order. Let \(L_m\coloneqq\Q_p(\mu_{p^{m+1}})\) be the extension of \(\Q_p\) obtained by adjoining \(p^{m+1}\)-th roots of unity. Fix an embedding of \(\overline{\Q}\) into \(\overline{\Q}_p\text{.}\) For any character \(\chi:\Gal(K_m/\Q)\longrightarrow\C^\times\text{,}\) the values \(\chi(a)\) are \(p^{m+1}\)-th roots of unity. Therefore, they may be regarded as values in \(\mathscr{O}_{L_m}\text{;}\) the ring of integers of \(L_m\) with unique maximal ideal \(\mf{p}\text{.}\) As we saw before, \(L_m\) is totally ramified over \(\Q_p\) of degree \(p^m(p-1)\text{.}\) With this setup, for two Dirichlet characters \(\chi_1,\chi_2\) of \(\Gal(K_m/\Q)\text{,}\) we say that \(\chi_1\equiv\chi_2\pmod{\mf{p}}\) if \(\chi_1(a)\equiv\chi_2(a)\pmod{\mf{p}}\) for all \(a\in(\Z/p^{m+1}\Z)^\times\text{.}\)
Recall the definition of generalized Bernoulli numbers \(B_{n,\chi}\text{,}\) attached to a Dirichlet character \(\chi\text{,}\) as in equation (2.9). In particular, one can easily check that
\begin{gather} B_{1,\chi}=\frac{1}{N}\sum_{a=1}^{N}\chi(a)a.\tag{4.12} \end{gather}
The following useful lemma is borrowed from [35].

Proof.

By equation (4.12), we have
\begin{gather} B_{1,\chi_i}=\frac{1}{p} \sum_{a=1}^p\theta_i(a)a.\tag{4.13} \end{gather}
Since \(\theta_i\neq\omega^{-1}\text{,}\) there exists \(b\in(\Z/p\Z)^\times\) such that \(\theta_1(b)\not\equiv\omega^{-1}(b)\equiv b^{-1}\pmod{p}\text{.}\) In other words, \(b\theta_1(b)-1\) is in \((\Z/p\Z)^\times\text{.}\) Since \(\theta_1\equiv\theta_2\pmod{\mf{p}}\text{,}\) \(b\theta_2(b)-1\) is also in \((\Z/p\Z)^\times\text{.}\) Let \(\overline{ab}\) be the unique element in \(\{0,1,\ldots,p-1\}\) such that there exists an integer \(m_a\) and \(ab=\overline{ab}+m_ap\text{.}\) since \(b\in(\Z/p\Z)^\times\text{,}\) \(\{\overline{ab}:1\leq a\leq p\}=\{1\leq a\leq p\}\text{.}\) Therefore,
\begin{gather} b\theta_i(b)B_{1,\theta_i}=\frac{1}{p}\sum_{a=1}^p\overline{ab}\theta_i(\overline{ab})+\sum_{a=1}^p\theta_i(ab)m_a=B_{1,\theta_i}+\sum_{a=1}^p\theta_i(ab)m_a.\tag{4.14} \end{gather}
Since \(b\theta_i(b)-1\) is a unit modulo \(p\text{,}\) we have
\begin{gather*} B_{1,\theta_i}=(b\theta_i(b)-1)^{-1}\sum_{a=1}^p\theta_i(ab)m_a\in\Z_p. \end{gather*}
Now, \(\theta_1\equiv\theta_2\pmod{\mf{p}}\) implies \(\theta_1(ab)\equiv\theta_2(ab)\pmod{\mf{p}}\text{,}\) and hence
\begin{align*} B_{1,\theta_1}\amp =(b\theta_1(b)-1)^{-1}\sum_{a=1}^p\theta_1(ab)m_a\\ \amp \equiv(b\theta_2(b)-1)^{-1}\sum_{a=1}^p\theta_2(ab)m_a\\ \amp =B_{1,\theta_2}\pmod{\mf{p}}. \end{align*}
Recall that for a character \(\chi\) of \(\Gal(K_m/\Q)\text{,}\) if we write it as \(\chi=\theta\psi\) where \(\theta\in\widehat{\Delta}\) and \(\psi\in\widehat{\Gamma}_m\text{,}\) Iwasawa constructed a power series \(f(T,\theta)\in\Z_p\llbracket T\rrbracket\text{,}\) for \(\theta\neq1\text{,}\) such that
\begin{gather} f(\zeta_\chi(1+p)^{1-n}-1,\theta)=L_p(1-n,\chi)=(1-\chi\omega^{-n}(p)p^{n-1})L(1-n,\chi\omega^{-n})\tag{4.15} \end{gather}
where \(\zeta_\chi=\chi(1+p)^{-1}=\psi(1+p)^{-1}\text{.}\)

Proof.

From the condition \(\theta_i\neq\omega^{-n}\text{,}\) we conclude that \(\theta_i\omega^n\neq1\) and hence \(f(T,\theta_i\omega^n)\in\Z_p\llbracket T\rrbracket\text{.}\) In particular, the leading terms \(f(0,\theta_i\omega^n)\) are \(p\)–adic integers. But, by equation (4.15), \(f(0,\theta_i\omega^n)\text{,}\) taking \(\chi=\theta_i\omega^n\) we have
\begin{gather} f(0,\theta_i\omega^n)=L_p(0,\theta_i\omega^n)=(1-\theta_i\omega^n\omega^{-1}(p))L(0,\theta_i\omega^n\omega^{-1})=-B_{1,\theta_i\omega^{n-1}}.\tag{4.16} \end{gather}
Since \(\theta_i\neq\omega^{-n}\text{,}\) we have \(\theta_i\omega^{n-1}\neq\omega^{-1}\text{.}\) Therefore, by Lemma 4.9, we have \(f(0,\theta_1\omega^n)\equiv f(0,\theta_2\omega^n)\pmod{\mf{p}}\) whenever \(\theta_1\equiv\theta_2\pmod{\mf{p}}\text{.}\)

Proof of Theorem 4.3.

Write \(\chi_i=\theta_i\psi_i\) where \(\theta_i\in\widehat{\Delta}\) and \(\psi_i\in\widehat{\Gamma_m}\text{.}\) Consider the characters \(\chi_{i,n}\coloneqq\chi_i\omega^n\text{.}\) From the condition that \(\chi_i\) do not contain \(\omega^{-n}\) modulo \(p\text{,}\) we conclude that \(\theta_i\omega^n\neq1\) and hence, by Lemma 4.10, we get that \(f(0,\theta_1\omega^n)\equiv f(0,\theta_2\omega^n)\pmod{\mf{p}}\text{.}\) Let us write
\begin{gather*} f(T,\theta_i\omega^n)=f(0,\theta_i\omega^n)+\sum_{j=1}^\infty a_j(i)T^j \end{gather*}
where \(a_j(i)\in\Z_p\text{.}\) Since \(\chi_1\equiv\chi_2\pmod{\mf{p}}\) and \((1+p)\) is a unit in \(\mathcal{O}_m\text{,}\) we get that
\begin{gather*} (\zeta_{\chi_1}(1+p)^{1-n}-1)^j\equiv(\zeta_{\chi_2}(1+p)^{1-n}-1)^j\pmod{\mf{p}} \end{gather*}
for all \(j\geq1\text{.}\) Therefore,
\begin{gather*} f(\zeta_{\chi_1}(1+p)^{1-n}-1,\theta_1\omega^n)\equiv f(\zeta_{\chi_1}(1+p)^{1-n}-1,\theta_2\omega^n)\pmod{\mf{p}}. \end{gather*}
By definition of \(\chi_{i,n}\text{,}\) \(\zeta_{\chi_{i,n}}=\chi_{i,n}(1+p)^{-1}=\chi_i(1+p)^{-1}=\zeta_{\chi_i}\text{.}\) Therefore,
\begin{align} f(\zeta_{\chi_i}(1+p)^{1-n}-1,\theta_i\omega^n)\amp =L_p(1-n,\chi_{i,n})\notag\\ \amp =(1-\chi_i\omega^n\omega^{-n}(p)p^{n-1})L(1-n,\chi_i)\notag\\ \amp =(1-\chi_i(p)p^{n-1})L(1-n,\chi_i).\tag{4.17} \end{align}
Therefore, for \(n=1\text{,}\) we have
\begin{gather} (1-\chi_1(p))L(0,\chi_1)\equiv(1-\chi_2(p))L(0,\chi_2)\pmod{\mf{p}}\tag{4.18} \end{gather}
and for \(n\gt 1\text{,}\)
\begin{align*} L(1-n,\chi_1)\amp \equiv (1-\chi_1(p)p^{n-1})L(1-n,\chi_1)\\ \amp \equiv (1-\chi_2(p)p^{n-1})L(1-n,\chi_2)\\ \amp \equiv L(1-n,\chi_2)\pmod{\mf{p}}. \end{align*}
This completes the proof.
This generalizes [35, Proposition 2] in the special case when the conductor \(f\) is the power of an odd prime. These arguments can be generalized to characters of \(\Gal(\Q(\mu_{dp^{m+1}})/\Q)\) for an odd prime \(p\) and \(\gcd(d,p)=1\text{.}\) Then we can prove similar congruence for Dirichlet \(L\)–values attached to Dirichlet characters of arbitrary modulus.